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Benzene
Name
of the Substance:
Benzene
Chemical
name of Substance:
Cyclohexa-1,3,5-triene;
1,3,5-Cyclohexatriene.
It also called phene and it is called phenyl
group.
Chemical Formula: C6H6.
Chemical Structure:
>The structure contained a ring of
six carbon atoms with alternating single and
double bonds.
>
It has high degree of unsaturation.
>
Benzene is a hybrid of various resonance structures.
>
It has sp2 hybridization structure.
> 4n + 2 = number of π electrons.
Physical Properties:
>Molar mass 78.114 g mol-1
>It is colorless liquid.
>It has aromatic odor.
>It has density 0.87 g cm-3.
>It has melting point5.53 oC and boiling point 80.1 oC.
>It is soluble in organic solvent.
>It has zero dipole moment.
Reactivity: Directive influence of a functional
group in mono substituted benzene.
1. Ortho and para directing groups –Cl,
- Br, -OH, -O-CH3,
-NH2, -HR, -CH3,
-C2H5, -R
2. Meta directing groups: -NO2, -NH3,
-CN, -COH, -COR, -COOH, -SO3H.
Sources:
Coal-tar and
petroleum are the two large scale sources of benzene.
Uses:
1. Benzene
was frequently used as an industrial solvent,
especially for degreasing metal.
As its toxicity became obvious, benzene was supplanted
by other solvents, especially toluene (methylbenzene),
which has similar physical
properties but is not as carcinogenic.
It
might be considered “the mother of all carcinogens”.
3. Benzene is used mainly as an intermediate to make other chemicals, above all ethylbenzene, cumene, cyclohexane, nitrobenzene, and alkylbenzene.
Irfan Bashumiya
Pathan
Shamsul Uloom
Urdu High school & Higher Secondary School, Osmanabad. (MH)
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