Water

Name of the Substance: Water

Chemical name of Substance: Dihydrogen monoxide.

Chemical Formula: H₂O.

Chemical Structure:       

1.    Along with the bent structure, this gives the molecule an electrical dipole moment and it is classified as a polar molecule.

2.     Because of its polarity, a molecule of water in the liquid or solid state can form up to four hydrogen bonds with neighboring molecules.

3.     Hydrogen bonds are about ten times as strong as the Van der Waals force that attracts molecules to each other in most liquids.

Physical Properties:

1.    It is transparent, tasteless, odorless, and colorless substance.

2.    It is a universal solvent for its ability to dissolve variety of substance.

3.    Pure water has a low electrical conductivity, which increases with the dissolution of a small amount of ionic material such as common salt.

4.     Water is the only common substance to exist as a solid, liquid, and gas in normal terrestrial conditions.

5.     It is a polar inorganic compound.

6.     It has density 1 g/cm ³ at 4 ^o C temperature. Ice is less dense than water

7.     It boiling point is 100 ^o C and freezing point is 0 ^o C. In a vacuum, water will boil at room temperature.

8.     The triple point is at a temperature of 273.16 K (0.01 °C) and a pressure of 611.657 pascals (0.00604 atm).

9.     The molar mass of water is 18 g/mole.

10. The refractive index of liquid water (1.333 at 20 °C.

11.  Liquid water can be assumed to be incomprehensible for most purposes: its  comprehensibility ranges from 4.4 to 5.1×10⁻¹⁰ Pa⁻¹ in ordinary conditions.

12.The viscosity of water is about 10⁻³ Pa·s or 0.01 poise at 20 °C and        the speed of sound in liquid water ranges between 1,400 and 1,540             meters per second (4,600 and 5,100 ft/s) depending on temperature.

Reactivity

1.     Metallic elements which are more electropositive than hydrogen, particularly the alkali metals and alkaline earth metals such as lithium, sodium, calcium, potassium and cesium displace hydrogen from water, forming hydroxides and releasing hydrogen.

2.     At high temperatures, carbon reacts with steam to form carbon monoxide and hydrogen.

                                                    

 Uses:

1.     Approximately 70% of the freshwater used by humans goes to agriculture.

2.     Fishing in salt and fresh water bodies is a major source of food for many parts of the world.

3.     The long-distance trade of commodities (such as oil, natural gas, and manufactured products) is transported by boats through seas, rivers, lakes, and canals.

4.     Large quantities of water, ice, and steam are used for cooling and heating, in industry and homes.

5.      It is widely used in industrial processes, and in cooking and washing.

6.     Water, ice and snow are also central to many sports and other forms of entertainment, such as swimming, pleasure boating, boat racing, surfing, sport fishing, diving, ice skating and skiing.